University professors and lecturers teach courses to undergraduate and graduate students and conduct research at universities. University professors who are heads of departments are included in this unit group.

• A doctoral degree in the field of specialization is required for university professors.
  
• A master's degree in the field of specialization is required for university lecturers.
  
• Licences or professional certification may be required for professors teaching future practitioners in certain professionally regulated fields, such as medicine, engineering, architecture, psychology or law.